Hotspots

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•These are areas of the Earth's mantle where plumes of hot magma rise towards the surface to create volcanic activity. An example would be the formation of the Hawaiian Islands from a hotspot beneath the Pacific Plate. The hotspots are capable of creating islands and mountain ranges over geological time.

•They are highly rich with flora and fauna, of which many species are endemic; that is, can only be found elsewhere in nature. Biodiverse areas are very important for conservation because they are inhabited by many species that are threatened by human activities.

•This is particularly true in the Amazon rainforest, the islands of Madagascar and the Indian Ocean. Western disturbances form in the Mediterranean, Caspian and Black seas.

Western disturbance

•They move eastward on the western jet stream, bringing moisture-laden winds to the Indian subcontinent.

•These disturbances are responsible for winter and pre-monsoon rains over northwest India, especially in the states of Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh. Moderate to heavy rains occur in the low-lying areas while mountainous regions, especially the western Himalayas may receive heavy snowfall.

•Western riots play a crucial role in the development of rabbi harvesting, particularly important products like wheat. The precipitation they bring is essential for the growth of these cultures and contributes considerably to Indian food security.

Look East Policy

•Look East Policy, basically, aims to strengthen economic relations between India and Southeast Asia or East Asia mainly through trade, investment and regional cooperation. India wished to integrate into the region's buzzing economies through free trade agreements and joining regional multilateral forums such as ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations).

• In addition to economic ties, the policy emphasized stronger political and safe cooperation with the regional countries, especially within the context of China's growing power. India has tried to deepen its strategic engagement, especially with countries like Japan, Australia, and Vietnam in the wake of attempts to counter terrorism and maritime security.

•The policy also attempted to enhance sources of cultural exchanges and people-to-people contacts. India promoted activities intended to strengthen mutual understanding between the peoples of India and the countries of East and South East Asia, and furthered joint efforts in areas like tourism, educational exchanges, science, and technology.